Researchers from the University of Michigan and Zhejiang University (China) are developing a new pathway—catalytic hydrothermal decarboxylation—to produce liquid hydrocarbon (i.e., “drop-in”) transportation fuel components from fatty acids. The latest report on their work was published in the journal ChemSusChem.
As described in the paper, the team of Jie Fu, Xiuyang Lu, and Phillip Savage converted five different fatty acids prevalent in nature—stearic, palmitic, lauric, oleic, and linoleic—to alkanes over a commercial 5% Pt/C catalyst in high-temperature water (330 °C). The reactions were done with no added hydrogen, in contrast to the processes that have adapted petroleum hydrotreatment technology to convert triglycerides and fatty acids into hydrocarbons.
Recent review articles have highlighted the significant research
and development (R&D) efforts that have been devoted
to using and adapting petroleum hydrotreatment technology
to convert triglycerides and fatty acids into hydrocarbons…The
high H2 consumption associated with these processes is their
main drawback. H2 is not currently available in large quantities
from renewable resources and H2 costs can be high. Moreover,
H2 is made primarily from steam reforming of natural gas and
CO2 is the byproduct. Thus, a near-term process for the production
of fully renewable biofuels needs to operate without
added H2.—Fu et al.
Several labs have been exploring decarboxylation chemistry as an alternative to hydrodeoxygenation, the authors note. Decarboxylation
removes the O atoms in fatty acids as CO2 rather
than H2O—i.e., stoichiometrically no H2 is required for the reaction. Furthermore, they add, the loss of a CO2 molecule does not lead to a loss in any of the chemical energy in the molecule; rather it produces a hydrocarbon molecule with an even higher energy density.
This path is an attractive one for making renewable hydrocarbon fuels, but aside from our recent report and a set of earlier catalyst screening experiments, all previous work on fatty acid decarboxylation has been done in organic reaction media, such as dodecane or mesitylene. In contrast, the focus herein is on fatty acid decarboxylation in water. This hydrothermal decarboxylation is technologically important, but the reaction pathways are essentially unexplored.
—Fu et al.
In a previous paper, the team reported that Pt/C and Pd/C catalysts are active for decarboxylation of a saturated fatty acid in an aqueous
medium, with Pt/C showing higher activity with no added hydrogen required. In the current paper, they provide more detailed information
about the hydrothermal reaction pathways and kinetics for this
catalyzed transformation.
In general, they found that:
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The saturated fatty acids (stearic, palmitic, and lauric acid) gave the corresponding decarboxylation products (n-alkanes) with greater than 90% selectivity, and the formation rates were independent
of the fatty acid carbon number. -
The unsaturated C18 fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acid) underwent decarboxylation much more slowly, and
hydrogenation was the main reaction pathway even though
no H2 was added to the reactor. The main pathway was hydrogenation to form stearic acid, the corresponding saturated fatty acid. This compound then underwent decarboxylation to
form heptadecane. These results suggest
that H2 is formed in situ during this hydrothermal catalytic process.
Several general features noted herein for Pt/C-catalyzed hydrothermal
decarboxylation (e.g., rate independent of fatty
acid chain length, in situ H2 formation, hydrogenation of unsaturated
fatty acids precedes appreciable decarboxylation, high
selectivity to the decarboxylation product) have also been
noted previously for fatty acid decarboxylation in organic solvents.
Thus, the identity or nature of the solvent does not
appear to have a strong influence on these aspects. Other features
of this reacting system, however, such as the catalyst activity,
the deactivation rate, and the ease of in situ H2 formation
may yet be sensitive to the reaction medium. Additional
research is required to address these issues.—Fu et al.
Resources
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Fu, J., Lu, X. and Savage, P. E. (2011) Hydrothermal Decarboxylation and Hydrogenation of Fatty Acids over Pt/C. ChemSusChem doi: 10.1002/cssc.201000370
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J. Fu, X. Lu, P. E. Savage (2010) Catalytic hydrothermal deoxygenation of palmitic acid. Energy Environ. Sci. 3, 311 –317 doi: 10.1039/B923198F